SD INPRES, Identitas Keagamaan dan Transmisi Nilai Keagamaan Antargenerasi
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Penyediaan pendidikan merupakan salah satu tugas negara. Beberapa negara membatasi pengaruh agama dalam pendidikan melalui kebijakan sekulerisasi, sebagian negara lain memiliki sekolah agama yang memberikan pendidikan pada siswa dalam proporsi besar. Salah satu negara yang memberikan porsi mata pelajaran keagamaan yang cukup besar adalah Indonesia. Indonesia merupakan negara dengan populasi muslim terbesar di dunia. Berdasarkan laporan The Muslim 500 edisi 2023, diketahui populasi muslim mencapai 237,55 juta jiwa atau setara 86,7% dari total populasi Indonesia (The Royal Islamic Starategic Studies Centre, 2023).
Organisasi dan pemimpin keagamaan merupakan salah satu penyedia pendidikan, dimana saat ini lebih dari 20% siswa di Indonesia terdaftar di sekolah berbasis keagamaan. Dengan demikian, terdapat sistem pendidikan ganda antara pendidikan negeri (misal Sains, Matematika, Bahasa) dengan pendidikan berbasis keagamaan yang masih bertahan hingga saat ini meskipun ada upaya reformasi sistem pendidikan. Salah satu bentuk upaya reformasi pendidikan Indonesia adalah dikeluarkannya Instruksi Presiden (Inpres) Sekolah Dasar atau SD Inpres pada tahun 1970-an yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan akses tehadap sekolah negeri dan penyeragaman pendidikan melalui kurikulum nasional tunggal. Kebijakan tersebut memicu timbulnya persaingan penyediaan pendidikan yang disediakan oleh pemerintah dengan pendidikan keagamaan oleh swasta mengingat kurikulum yang berbeda diantara 2 jenis pendidikan tersebut. Pendidikan berbasis keagaamaan berupaya mempertahankan eksistensinya agar mampu bersaing dan memunculkan pilihan bagi masyarakat akan pilihan sekolah (negeri atau agama/madrasah). Dalam artikel ini akan dijelaskan bagaimana persaingan lembaga pendidikan ini serta dampak INPRES terhadap pilihan pendidikan dan aspek lainnya seperti identitas keagamaan.
Pendidikan di Indonesia
Secara historis, pendidikan Indonesia terdiri dari pendidikan sekuler (dikelola negara melalui Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan) dan pendidikan agama (di bawah kewenangan Kementerian Agama). Sekolah agama sudah ada sebelum sekolah sekuler, dimana pesantren adalah sekolah agama yang pertama kali muncul pada abad ke 15. Untuk saat ini jenis sekolah islam yang banyak beroperasi adalah madrasah. Madrasah merupakan sekolah dengan metode yang serupa dengan sekolah sekuler namun lebih banyak menyediakan pengajaran keagamaan seperti fiqh, aqidah, akhlak, hadist, bahasa arab dan sejarah nabi. Terdapat 3 jenis madrasah yaitu Madrasah Ibtidaiyah (MI), Madrasah Tsanawiyah (MTs) dan Madrasah Aliyah (MA). Rata-rata madrasah mengalokasikan 26% jam pelajaran untuk materi agama dan hanya 5% untuk materi pancasila dan kewarganegaraan, serta 5% untuk bahasa Indonesia. Meskipun pendidikan islam berada di bawah Kementerian Agama, namun sebagian besar lembaga pendidikan dijalankan melalui dana wakaf. Pada tahun 2019, lebih dari 60% sekolah islam merupakan swasta. Pada 2023, sekolah islam menerima sekitar 21% dari 60 juta siswa yang ada di Indonesia. Berdasarkan data Kementerian Agama, terdapat 52.398 madrasah formal, 82.871 madrasah diniyah informal dan 25.938 pesantren, kemudian berdasarkan data dari Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, terdapat hampir 220.000 sekolah sekuler pada 2019.
Kebijakan SD INPRES
SD INPRES diatur dalam Instruksi Presiden No.10/1973. Dalam penerapannya terdapat 61.000 sekolah dasar baru yang dibangun pada tahun 1973-1980, dimana kabupaten/kota menerima sekitar 16-824 sekolah dasar baru. Pada tahun 1972 semua pendidikan formal harus diselenggarakan oleh pemerintah yang kemudian ditentang oleh para pemimpin muslim pada 1975. Karena tujuan SD INPRES adalah memperluas sekolah negeri, maka kebijakan tersebut rentan terhadap konfrontasi dengan pendidikan islam. Berikut adalah beberapa kebijakan pemerintah terkait pendidikan di Indonesia:
Pada tahun 1946 pemerintah menetapkan sistem pendidikan nasional sekuler (sekolah agama berada di bawah kewenangan Kementerian Agama)
Pada tahun 1958 terjadi kegagalan upaya reformasi standarisasi kurikulum madrasah
Pada tahun 1972 dibuat keputusan INPRES yang menetapkan bahwa semua pendidikan formal harus dilaksanakan dan dikelola oleh Kementerian Pendidikan
Pada tahun 1975 pemerintah mengakui status khusus sekolah islam
Pada tahun 1984-1989, reformasi selanjutnya tidak mengubah sistem pendidikan ganda
Dampak Kebijakan SD INPRES dan Persaingan dengan Pendidikan Keagamaan
Pertama, masyarakat muslim dengan dana wakaf memperluas sekolah agama di lokasi yang memiliki jumlah SD INPRES lebih banyak. Baik individu maupun organisasi mewakafkan tanah untuk pembangunan sekolah dan secara teratur menyumbangkan hasik panen untuk mendukung infrastruktur sekolah. Pembangunan sekolah INPRES diikuti dengan lonjakan jumlah siswa yang masuk ke sekolah islam, hal tersebut didorong oleh jumlah Madrasah Ibtidaiyah (MI) senilai dua kali lipat. Daerah dengan tingkat INPRES yang tinggi memiliki lebih banyak siswa yang masuk ke sekolah menegah dan pesantren setelah tahun 1973. Sedangkan tingkat penerimaan di Madrasah Tsanawiyah (MTs) mencapai puncaknya sekitar tahun ke 6-9 setelah pembangunan SD INPRES. Setelah siswa SD INPRES dan MI lulus, MTs hadir untuk memenuhi permintaan masyarakat dalam melanjutkan pendidikan.
Kedua, pembangunan SD INPRES juga dikaitkan dengan semakin banyak masuknya sekolah islam informal. Hal tersebut disebabkan karena kebiasaan yaitu saat pagi hari siswa bersekolah di SD INPRES kemudian saat sore belajar di Madrasah Diniyah (MD) sebagai tempat belajar Al-Quran. Di tingkat daerah, MI (formal) dan MD (informal) bersifat saling menggantikan, dimana 86% dari MD yang masuk pada 1973-1978 dibangun di desa-desa yang tidak memiliki MI dan 91% MI dibangun di desa-desa yang tidak memiliki MD. Dapat dikatakan bahwa SD INPRES tidak menggantikan pendidikan islam namun justru meningkatkan pilihan pendidikan sekuler dan pendidikan islam. Sehingga dapat dikatakan bahwa penyedia pendidikan islam bersaing dengan penyedia pendidikan negara
Ketiga, formalisasi pendidikan islam. Pada awal 1980an terjadi peningkatan madrasah (formal) serta penurunan pesantren dan diniyah (informal). Berbeda dengan pesantren, madrasah formal diselenggarakan berdasarkan jalur pendidikan dasar hingga menengah yang sama dengan sekolah negeri. Hal tersebut memungkinkan peralihan antara sekolah negeri dan sekolah agama. Kemampuan madrasah untuk memperkenalkan kurikulum agama memastikan bahwa formalisasi pendidikan islam tidak mengorbankan pembelajaran agama.
Pilihan Pendidikan Sekuler dan Keagamaan
Diantara kelompok usia 2-6 tahun, tambahan satu SD INPRES akan mengurangi kemungkinan siswa masuk ke MI sebesar 7%. Namun di tingkat sekolah menengah, MTs/MA menyerap sebagian peningkatan permintaan pendidikan setelah sekolah dasar. Sehingga jika digabungkan, maka setiap tambahan SD INPRES akan meningkatkan kemungkinan bersekolah di sekolah islam sekitar 5%.
SD INPRES dan Gender
SD INPRES menghasilkan peningkatan total lama pendidikan yang lebih rendah bagi perempuan dibandingkan dengan laki-laki. Salah satu penyebabnya ialah orang tua enggan menyekolahkan putri mereka ke sekolah INPRES namun memandang sekolah islam mengadopsi pendekatan yang lebih konservatif terhadap hubungan gender di sekolah. Perempuan yang terkena larangan berjilbab di SD INPRES, memiliki kemungkinan untuk menyelesaikan pendidikan sekolah dasar islam.
SD INPRES dan Pemilu
Pemilu 1971 merupakan satu-satunya pemilu pada masa kepemimpinan Soeharto sebelum pembangunan sekolah dilakukan. Adanya INPRES ini secara tidak langsung mempengaruhi pemilu tahun 1977 dan 1982. Diketahui bahwa SD INPRES tidak meningkatkan dukungan elektoral terhadap rezim Soeharto, dimana terjadi penurunan dalam perolehan suara partai Golkar dari tahun 1971-1977 di daerah dengan tingkat INPRES tinggi (setiap tambahan sekolah INPRES per 1.000 anak akan menurunkan perolehan suara Golkar sebesar 2,5 poin. Salah satu penyebabnya adalah banyak pendukung Partai Persatuan Pembangunan/PPP (islam) menolak sekulerisasi pendidikan dan hal ini terjadi di daerah-daerah dengan jumlah SD INPRES yang lebih banyak.
SD INPRES, Identitas Keagamaan dan Transmisi Nilai Keagamaan Antargenerasi
Adanya SD INPRES memperkuat identitas keagamaan bagi siswa yang bersekolah di madrasah melalui pembelajaran bahasa arab dan pemikiran islam. Bagi siswa yang bersekolah di sekolah negeri pemahaman agama islam diperoleh dari teman-teman yang bersekolah di madrasah atau keterlibatan siswa di madrasah diniyah atau remaja masjid serta pemahaman dari orang tua.
Laki-laki yang mengikuti SD INPRES saat masih anak-anak, memiliki kemungkinan besar akan menikah dengan perempuan berpendikan islam. Anak yang bersekolah di sekolah negeri kemungkinan besar melek bahasa arab. Hal ini disebabkan karena pembelajaran agama di dalam rumah, pendidikan di masjid atau madrasah diniyah setempat, dan secara keseluruhan orang tua dengan pendidian sekolah negeri akan memastikan bahwa anaknya mampu mempertahankan identitas agama yang kuat meskipun hanya belajar di rumah.
Dari keseluruhan hasil penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Bazzi, (2023) dengan judul Religion, Education and the State yang telah dijelaskan sebelumnya, dapat ditarik kesimpulan bahwa adanya SD INPRES sama sekali tidak menghilangkan pendidikan berbasis agama, namun justru menyediakan sebuah pilihan pendidikan antara sekolah negeri dan sekolah madrasah. Kebijakan SD INPRES juga berdampak pada transmisi nilai-nilai agama islam antar generasi melalui lembaga informal seperti madrasah diniyah, masjid hingga pemahaman dari orang tua.
Daftar Pustaka
Bazzi, S. (2023). Religion , Education , and the State *.
The Royal Islamic Starategic Studies Centre. (2023). The Muslim 500.
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